Strategic Importance of GAP Essay Example for Free

Strategic Importance of GAP Essay GAP is the single most important development project affecting Turkeys regional relations. Its area of operation borders Syria and Iraq, covering close to 30,000 square miles, about 9. 7 percent of Turkeys total territory. About 6. 1 million people, nearly 10 percent of Turkeys population, live there. The reluctance of international financial institutions, especially the World Bank, to finance dam building in disputed river basins meant that GAP had to be almost entirely domestically financed. This region is relatively undeveloped. Agriculture plays twice the role in the areas economy (39. 6 percent versus 17. 7 percent) that it does in the Turkish economy as a whole, while manufacturing is about half as important (11. 7 percent against 25. 2 percent) as in the entire country. The region only produces about 4 percent of the national income and ranks low in almost all aspects of development, including education and purchasing power. GDP per capita in the southeast region has been roughly 55 percent of the Turkish average (Turkish State Institute of Statistics, 1997:722). GAP is an ambitious project to narrow this gap. When completed, it will regulate 28 percent of Turkeys total water potential, generate 27 billion kilowatts of electrical energy, and irrigate more than 4. 2 million acres of land, thus adding another 50 percent to Turkeys arable farmlands. The amount of agricultural land irrigated by the State Hydraulic Works Administration and the total hydraulic energy (42,162 billion kilowatts) generated in Turkey will be doubled. Moreover, expanding irrigation will allow the production of a larger variety and more profitable crops, hich should ease Turkeys balance-of-payments difficulties. When the total irrigation is completed in the GAP region, the total irrigated area is projected to constitute 19 percent of the total irrigated land in Turkey (21 million acres). Power generation is as important as irrigation in GAPs plan. Dams on the Euphrates account for more than 33 percent of current hydroelectric production in the country, with another 14 percent from the Tigris. In sum, almost half the countrys total hydroelectric generation is being met from dams on these two rivers. By improving living standards, GAP is expected to reduce and perhaps reverse the persistent emigration from the area. Finally, it is hoped that GAP will eventually solve social and economic issues that have led to armed conflict: the bulk of the Kurdish population lives in this poorest part of Turkey. Unequal distribution of land here is a major economic problem that has political implications. â€Å"Some 61 percent of the farmers (about 150,000 families) own less than five hectares (12 acres), and 10 percent of the population own 75 percent of the land. The social structure has remained virtually unchanged since feudal times, with wealthy Kurdish landowners owning dozens of villages† (Bruan, 1994: 26). The tendency of all the riparian states to use the water problem as a domestic ideological tool exacerbates the problem. As Kut and Turan suggest, â€Å"Water disputes may be handy to politicians in personifying real or perceived outside threats in the domestic context, and in this way serve to unite the society against foreign enemies and mobilize support for the government† (1997:140). Indeed, the water issue has been effectively used in projecting the developmental needs in each country as strategic priorities and in defining water as an indispensable part of independent, autonomous development. The maximalist positions that all parties adopt regarding this issue might indeed be explained through such ideological imperatives (Kut Turan, 1997). Conclusion Strategic considerations and recent developments have also had a major impact on the water issue. While Turkish-Iraqi relations have been shaped by events in the Persian Gulf region, Syrias stance has been affected by the growing cooperation between Turkey and Israel. There are many reasons for this relationship, but one significant factor is Turkish concern over Syria, and this is in large part related to the water dispute. By shifting the strategic balance toward Turkey and against Syria, the alignment also strengthened Turkeys hand in the water issue (Muslih, 1996:124). From Israels perspective Turkey is the only potential source of water imports. From the perspective of Turkey, having Israel as a credible ally on the southern border of Syria helps ease tensions over the water and related Kurdish separatist activity originating in Syria. All these developments suggest that Syria can no longer use the â€Å"ethnic card† in bargaining over water with Turkey. An additional factor here is the potential for Turkish-Israeli economic cooperation related to GAP, the expansion of agribusiness that uses irrigation, and related industrial projects. An official protocol between the GAP administration and the government of Israel in conjunction with the International Cooperation and Training Center of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for instance, is underway, in which the two sides will cooperate on technology and training. In broader terms GAP could contribute to regional development, including potentially involving Syria in peaceful cooperation. A memorandum of understanding signed between the GAP administration and the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas in Syria on June 26, 1999, for instance, aims to develop an agricultural research center in the GAP area and monitor national resource utilization. Such confidence-building measures can prove crucial for a cooperative solution to the water dispute. Although Turkey is not a direct party to the peace process it has many expectations from a developing peaceful environment in the region. Despite being only on the periphery of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Turkeys internal and external security has suffered from terrorist and Islamic radical movements that flourish in the region. The Gulf War had devastating effects on the economy of the eastern and southeastern provinces in Turkey and contributed to rising separatist PKK activity in the area. Peaceful southern neighbors would help defuse tensions based on developmental gaps between the region and the rest of the country and increase trade. A more peaceful Middle East, if achieved, is likely not only to ease tensions over the Euphrates-Tigris Basin but also create an environment for a cooperative solution to the issue. Delinking the water issue from the wider security concerns, Kurdish ethnic problems, focus on regional underdevelopment, and optimal utilization of water resources instead can itself be instrumental in building regional cooperation in the Middle East. References Tomanbay, Mehmet (2000). TURKEYS APPROACH TO UTILIZATION OF THE EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS RIVERS , Arab Studies Quarterly, 02713519, Spring, 22(2):79-101Z Demirel, K Kulege (2004). Heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of an estuary in southeastern Turkey. International Journal of Environment Pollution. Geneva: 21(5):499 Ibrahim Kaya (2005). â€Å"Possible Turkish Water Export As A Tool For Peace And Stability In Middle East,† The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved Dec 11 from http://www. turkishweekly. net/news. php? id=3758 John Waterbury, Transboundary Water and the Challenge of International Cooperation in the Middle East, in Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Progress, ed. Peter Rogers and Peter Lydon (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994 Gun Kut (1993) â€Å"Burning Waters: The Hydropolitics of the Euphrates and Tigris,† New Perspectives on Turkey 9, 2:1–17. George Gruen (1992). The Water Crisis: The Next Conflict, Los Angeles: Simon Wiesenthal Center John Kolars (1994). â€Å"Managing the Impact of Development: The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and the Ecology of the Arabian Gulf: a Link in Forging Tri-riparian Cooperation,† Ali I. Bagis, ed. , Water as an Element of Cooperation in the Middle East (Ankara: Hacettepe University. Y. Bakour (1992). â€Å"Planning and Water Management of Water Resources in Syria,† in Le Moigne et al. , Country Experiences with Water Resources Management: Economic, institutional, technological and environment (Washington, D. C. : World Bank Frederick W. Frey (1993). â€Å"Power, Conflict and Cooperation,† Research and Exploration: Water Issue 9: 18–37 Suha Bolukbasi (1993) â€Å"Turkey Challenges Iraq and Syria: The Euphrates Dispute,† Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 16, 4. Turkish State Institute of Statistics (DIE) (1997). Provincial and Regional Statistics, Ankara: DIE Armelle Bruan (1994) â€Å"The Megaproject of Mesopotamia,† Centrepiece (March– April) Gun Kut and Turan (1997) â€Å"Political-Ideological Constraints on Intra-Basin Cooperation on Transboundary Waters, † Natural Resources Forum 21 Muhammed Muslih (1996). â€Å"Syria and Turkey: Uneasy Relations, † in Henri J. Barkey, Reluctant Neighbor: Turkeys Role in the Middle East, Washington, D. C. : U. S. Institute of Peace Press.

Gump’s Musical Box of Chocolates Essay Example for Free

Gump’s Musical Box of Chocolates Essay Project Overview   Audience worldwide was hit by the wisdom of a mentally challenged character named Forrest Gump who lived in America throughout the 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s. Forrest Gump lived a full life despite his mental condition. He participated and became a very special part in the many histories that shaped the nation. As important events surround the main character, he also essentially evolves into a man with his sense of American values intact, unstirred and pure.   At the least, theme of the film revolves around the circumstances found in one’s environment that eventually shapes the citizen but moreso, the movie is about how a most unlikely American citizen was able to help shape his country just by being true to himself. But more than anything else, the movie adaptation of the 1985 novel by Winston Groom sets itself apart as a film inspired by its musical scores. Forest Gump, the movie, was born during the time when Hollywood films were relentlessly doing films in order to sell its soundtracks. At most times, a movie fan would find himself realizing that all the songs used in the movie are packaged in music CDs sold in stores. The more familiar these songs were, the better a young group of audience would enjoy and remember the film, but not the movie Forrest Gump. This paper aims to discuss the history surrounding the film and how it was used to weave the story into a creative fiction that borders the documentary film genre. The paper will choose one scene and proceed with an in depth music analysis of the scene in relation to the whole theme of the movie. And finally, the discourse will point out arguments that make and unmake categorizing this film under fiction or under the documentary genre. History of work surrounding the film   Highlights in America’s history were used in throughout the film so much so that the viewer will realize this pattern a few minutes after the opening of the movie. The screenwriters was able to do this by focusing on the life of Forrest Gump from being a child with braces to becoming a millionaire who just had to send his son to school for the rest of his life. Amongst the highlights of the film worth discourse is Forrest Gump’s joining the Vietnam war without even understanding the whole issues of the war. For some critics looking just above the movie’s thesis, they would be enraged at the idea that the film espouses dumb American college graduates that join in the war are the ones who actually live and become a hero. However, the beauty of the war scenes is the ability of the movie to present the reality of the actual era using music and songs juxtaposed in those scenes. Scene Analysis   The effectiveness of film music lie in its capacity to set a scene to transform itself from the usual to the memorable. Many of the scenes in the movie elaborate on three levels of symbolisms. It’s narrative deals with the life of one man, it’s visuals elaborate on the life of a nation while the music used presented that cultural insights found by the generation as synthesized into a hallmark hit song. The scenes that relate to the interactions of Forrest and Jenny, the girl in Forrest life from childhood to adulthood are the bookmarks of the film. Each meeting is juxtaposed with a popular music very much relevant to the year being shown. The popular music are sung by musicians that topped the charts during their era due to the creativity of their songs to project the general sentiments of the prevailing American Culture. For example, in the scene when Jenny who was at the hippie stage of the flower power culture met Forrest who was at that time was just given a congressional medal by the government for being a hero during the Vietnam war where he was able to save his whole platoon except for his best friend Bubba, met at the national capital. Though they were dressed differently, the two friends had the time of their lives to exchange what happened to them while one was away. This slow movement of two friends circling the D.C. monument was surrounded with the music of The Byrds entitled â€Å"Turn! Turn! Turn! (to Everything There is a Season†. The Byrds was considered a major band in the 1960s that helped bridge the gap between Bob Dylan’s socially conscious folk music and the Beatles’ hybrid pop creations. The Byrds was in the crossroads, much like where Forrest and Jenny were in the scene at the Washington DC monument. The band helped facilitate other rock subgenres such as the folk, space, raga, psychedelic, jangle and country rock. â€Å"Turn! Turn! Turn!† was one of the many markers of the band. The song theme revolved around change that was happening to America in the 60s. So much decision and events were happening causing many things to change including worldview, lifestyles and cultures. In the Washington DC scene, the audience is given a breather to hope for the possibility of Forrest and Jenny to finally be together since Forrest was now a medaled soldier. The music even helped suggest this because the lyrics involved the fact of life where there is a time for everything. â€Å"To everything turn, turn, turn, there is a season turn, turn, turn And a time for every purpose under heaven, a time to be born, a time to die A time to plant, a time to reap, a time to kill, a time to heal A time to laugh, a time to weep† The lyrics above prove that the music chosen for this scene carried the deeper subtext of the scene. To illustrate, the Vietnam war was a monumental venue where America had the chance to ‘turn’ and change its worldviews. If it was Jenny being asked to ‘turn’ during the scenes in Washington DC, the scene ended up with Jenny boarding a bus away from Forrest Gump who have just professed his love and wanting to take care of her. Unfortunately, much like war hungry politicians, Jenny still decided not to turn and continue living the American disparate life. With this kind of music use in film format, the success of the scoring lie in its ability to stand strongly at par with the particular scene being performed. â€Å"The deeper reality of film music, the necessity which found body in its lucky accident, involves the way the film tries to evoke a sort of temporary and illusive film-subjectivity, which closely mimics our everyday subjectivity. To do this, the film must rely on tactics far beyond simply spinning a good yarn. The film experience must imitate in some way all three overlapping dimensions of subjective reality: the symbolic, the real and the imaginary. The method by which this is done involves very heavily the use of film music.† (Spande, 2006) For example, the song â€Å"Fortunate Sons† that was used in the Vietnam war scenes was actually a hit during the 60s because it exposed the discrimination of the times. On the scene, Forrest and Bubba becomes good friends despite their differences in race but the subtext of the song used reminded the audience that during that time the discrimination against sending governments officials’ sons to the war was an issue that was never discussed lengthly in the movies.   But using â€Å"Fortunate Sons† is just one of the film’s tactics using music to get the movie theme’s a little deeper into analysis. Argument of the Film’s Genre   The film is definitely a documentary film if the scholar would take the character of Forrest Gump out of every historical scene set up. Since one cannot do that, the film becomes categorized under the ‘mockumentary’ film genre that is also known as fictional documentary or also called as false documentary. When filmmakers would want to project satire and parodies in historical events or real life documentaries, they would opt to use mockumentaries. Gump’s being an artfilm type of mockumentary is done by its creative and effective choice of music that would highlight each scene. Forrest Gump is one of those films where the audience would get to realize that each song played has a purposive element attached to the movie and not merely placed just to make the soundtrack sell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Forrest Gump has elements that would tend to mock at historical events established and regarded highly by society. One example to visualize the genre in the film is the scene where Forrest Gump narrates how it just simply rained in Vietnam. Describing the rain borders on the ultimate mockery made on film against the Vietnam war where thousands of American soldiers died just to experience rain coming from all sides of a walking, sleeping or running soldier. Another example would be the juxtaposing Forrest on filmed documentaries where the President of the United States shakes hands with Forrest, not knowing the Vietnam war veteran hero and the Ping-Pong American Champion who conquered China had below average IQ. And the most ingenius mockery at real documentaries is when Forrest Gump is insinuated as part ‘creator’ of Elvis Presley famous rock and roll dance steps and John Lennon’s hit song ‘Imagine’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the movie follows the mock documentary genre, it trail blazes the particular film genre by its crafty juxtaposition of the very effective music. The musical scores of the scenes help the mock documentary be elevated into a higher kind of mock documentary film. What may be trivial onscreen is transformed into an author’s stand on the issue by means of the theme that the particular song is playing. The scene, for scholarly viewers therefore becomes an essay. This effective soundtrack helps the film elevate itself towards being an art film. The fact that producers said that the film did not earn as much proves that Forrest Gump can sit with art films under the mockumentary category. Summary   Forrest Gump is a classic piece of modern art film where it successfully used music, history and a timeless piece of character to present the wisdom in surviving American life during the decades of the 50s throughout the early 80s. The movie did not solely focused on Gump’s being mentally challenged. The movie started with that situation but ended up triumphantly with Gump achieving so much more than a lot other people would be able to do so. And he did that by just remaining as true to himself. Just like all the music used throughout the film, these cuts all came from hit albums of the composers who have achieved leadership not only in the song charts during their time. These songs and their composers have essentially becomes historical bookmarks, elements of change, transformation agents of history in both their fields and in American society. References: Forrest Gump. DVD. 1994 Spande, Robert. 2006. Three Regimes: A Theory of Film Music [http://web.archive.org/web/20031208182300/http://www.franklinmarketplace.com/filmmusic.html]

Applications Of Electrostatics Analysis Engineering Essay

Applications Of Electrostatics Analysis Engineering Essay The practical application of electrostatics is represented by such devices as lightning rods and electrostatic precipitators and by such processes as xerography and the painting of automobiles. Scientific devices based on the principles of electrostatics include electrostatic generators, the field-ion microscope, and ion-drive rocket engines. There are many applications of electrostatics:- 1).Van de graff generator. 2).The electrostatic precipitator. 3).Xerography and Laser Printers. 4).Electron Gun for 6-18 GHz,20 W Helix-TWT Amplifier. 5).CST particle studio simulation of a Depressed Collector. 6).Electrostatic Simulation of a medical X-Ray device. 7).Electrostatic Simulation of a High Voltage Bushing. 8).MEMS Comb Sensor. 9).Consistent charged Particle Simulation of a Pierce Gun. The brief explanation of above applications is given below:- The Van de Graaff Generator Experimental results show that when a charged conductor is placed in contact with the inside of a hollow conductor, all of the charge on the charged conductor is transferred to the hollow conductor. In principle, the charge on the hollow conductor and its electric potential can be increased without limit by repetition of the process. In 1929 Robert J. Van de Graaff (1901-1967) used this principle to design and build an electrostatic generator. This type of generator is used extensively in nuclear physics research. A schematic representation of the generator. Charge is delivered continuously to a high-potential electrode by means of a moving belt of insulating material. The high-voltage electrode is a hollow metal dome mounted on an insulating column. The belt is charged at point A by means of a corona discharge between comb-like metallic needles and a grounded grid. The needles are maintained at a positive electric potential of typically 104 V. The positive charge on the moving belt is transferred to the dome by a second comb of needles at point B. Because the electric field inside the dome is negligible, the positive charge on the belt is easily transferred to the conductor regardless of its potential. In practice, it is possible to increase the electric potential of the dome until electrical discharge occurs through th Because the breakdown electric field in air is about 3000000 V/m, a negatively charged oil droplet in sphere 1 m in radius can be raised to a maximum potential of 3 % 106 V. T he potential can be increased further by increasing the radius of the dome and by placing the entire system in a container filled with high-pressure gas. Van de Graaff generators can produce potential differences as large as 20 million volts. Protons accelerated through such large potential differences receive enough energy to initiate nuclear reactions between themselves and various target nuclei. Smaller generators are often seen in science classrooms and museums. If a person insulated from the ground touches the sphere of a Van de Graaff generator, his or her body can be brought to a high electric potential. The person hair acquires a net positive charge, and each strand is repelled by all the others. Van De Graaff Generator The Electrostatic Precipitator One important application of electrical discharge in gases is the electrostatic precipitator. This device removes particulate matter from combustion gases, thereby reducing air pollution. Precipitators are especially useful in coal-burning power plants and in industrial operations that generate large quantities of smoke. Current systems are able to eliminate more than 99% of the ash from smoke. A high potential difference (typically 40 to 100 kV) is maintained between a wire running down the center of a duct and the walls of the duct, which are grounded. The wire is maintained at a negative electric potential with respect to the walls, so the electric field is directed toward the wire. The values of the field near the wire become high enough to cause a corona discharge around the wire; the air near the wire contains positive ions, electrons, and such negative ions as oxide ions. The air to be cleaned enters the duct and moves near the wire. As the electrons and negative ions created by the discharge are accelerated toward the outer wall by the electric field, the dirt particles in the air become charged by collisions and ion capture. Because most of the charged dirt particles are negative, they too are drawn to the duct walls by the electric field. When the duct is periodically shaken, the particles break loose and are collected at the bottom. In addition to reducing the level of particulate matter in the atmosphere the electrostatic precipitator recovers valuable materials in the form of metal oxides. Electrostatic Precipitator Xerography and Laser Printers The basic idea of xerography5 was developed by Chester Carlson, who was granted a patent for the xerographic process in 1940. The unique feature of this process is the use of a photoconductive material to form an image. (A photoconductor is a material that is a poor electrical conductor in the dark but becomes a good electrical conductor when exposed to light.) The xerographic process is illustrated in Figure 25.31a to d. First, the surface of a plate or drum that has been coated with a thin film of photoconductive material (usually selenium or some compound of selenium) is given a positive electrostatic charge in the dark. An image of the page to be copied is then focused by a lens onto the charged surface. The photoconducting surface becomes conducting only in areas where light strikes it. In these areas, the light produces charge carriers in the photoconductor that move the positive charge off the drum. However, positive charges remain on those areas of the photoconductor not exposed to light, leaving a latent image of the object in the form of a positive surface charge distribution. Next, a negatively charged powder called a toner is dusted onto the photoconducting surface. The charged powder adheres only to those areas of the surface that contain the positively charged image. At this point, the image becomes visible. The toner (and hence the image) is then transferred to the surface of a sheet of positively charged paper. Finally, the toner is fixed to the surface of the paper as the toner melts while passing through high-temperature rollers. This results in a permanent copy of the original. A laser printer operates by the same principle, with the exception that a computer-directed laser beam is used to illuminate the photoconductor instead of a lens. Xerography Laser Printer ELECTRON GUN FOR 6-18GHz,20 W Helix-TWT Amplifier Electron guns are the starting point of every charged particle application. There the DC energy is translated into an extracted beam which later on interacts with all kinds of RF structures. The design and analysis of an electron gun can be performed with the tracking code of CST PARTICLE STUDIO. Schematic of an electron tube The electron gun has to provide the slow wave structure with a beam, which then interacts with the electromagnetic wave existing in the structure and finally is  collected in the collector. In order to enable the interaction, the particles velocity has to match the EM-waves velocity on the circuit. The necessary velocity determines the voltage to be applied. The electron gun then has to be designed in a way, that the emitted current is maximized. The relevant parts for the Electrostatic (Es) simulation are the cathode, focussing electrode and anode  (left). Important for the Magnetostatic (Ms) simulation are the iron yoke and permanent magnets. The potentials and permanent magnets serve as sources for the Es and Ms solver of CST EMS (here run from CST PS) respectively. The iron yoke is considered as non linear material, where the working point is obtained by a non linear iteration scheme in the  Ms solver.   CST PARTICLE STUDIOHYPERLINK http://www.cst.com/Content/Applications/Article/CST+PARTICLE+STUDIOà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢+Simulation+of+a+Depressed+Collector Simulation of a Depressed Collector CST PS simulation of a depressed collector. A multi-stage depressed collector for the Rijnhuizen Fusion Free-Electron Maser (FEM) is simulated with CST RTICLE STUDIO. The results are reproduced with permission of Pulsar Physics. See also M.J. de Loos, S.B. van der Geer, Pulsar Physics, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B, Vol 139, 1997. CST PARTICLE STUDIO(CST PS) is dedicated to simulating charged particles travelling through electromagnetic fields. To accomplish this task, CST PS requires fields from other CST STUDIO SUITE 3D EM solvers, particularly CST EM STUDIO and CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, as input. CST PS tracks charged particles through this fields, considering relativistic effect, space charge and secondary emission, delivering particle trajectories, phase space distribution, remitances. Electrostatic Simulation of a medical X-Ray device   Electric Field Distribution in the X-Ray Device CST EM STUDIOs Electrostatic Solver can be used to establish electric breakdown fields in X-Ray devices. A STEP model of the device was imported via CST EMSs comprehensive CAD Interface. The main goal of the simulation is to determine the maximum field strength in the model. The design of the housing for the X-Ray tube  can then be optimised to reduce the potential of arcing. Results may be post-processed in terms of field values at specific points, along curves or on material surfaces. . The field was plotted on a central cut-plane using a logarithmic scaling to aid visualisation. Maximum field values in the  model may be extracted automatically in the post-processor. Electrostatic Simulation of a High Voltage Bushing   Cross-sectional View of the Transformer Bushing The above figure shows the  construction of the  bushing  comprising a central  conductor,  a ceramic insulator,   and a housing  containing the transformer oil. The structure was created using the powerful modeling tools in CST EM STUDIO  . The bushing was created by sweeping over 360 degrees a curved profile. To complete the bushing geometry, the blend tool can be applied to round off the bushing edges. The permittivity of the ceramic  has been  set to 1000 with an epsilon of 2.9 for the oil. The housing and the central conductor were both defined as perfect electric conductors (PEC). Symmetry is exploited via the use of tangential symmetry conditions and an open boundary has been applied to reduce the simulation domain MEMS Comb Sensor Potential and electric field for the rectangular and triangular comb tip The design process of the comb sensor starts with a shape optimization in CST EMS. Here two different shapes are modeled and compared.   Therefore, by using parameters a true shape  optimisation of the force can be  performed. After the calculation of fields the forces can be determined as a post processing step. Using appropriate boundary conditions, the  single combs are assumed to be part of an infinite array.  Due to  its special shape the triangular comb tip has a 14% higher attracting force. Consistent Charged Particle Simulation of a Pierce Gun The pierce type gun example demonstrates the analysis of an electrically   large gun configuration. The acceleration of the electrons takes place in only a small part of the computational domain, nearly 90% of the gun consists of a drift-tube.   The electric field is established by the cathode, which acts  at the same  time as particle source, a guiding electrode and the anode, which incorporates the drift-tube. The magnetic field is produced by a large current-driven coil and guided by  a highly   permeable cylinder which encloses the whole configuration. The above figure shows the geometry of the gun which consists of hollow cylinders forming the guide for the magnetic field, the drift tube, the emitting cathode and the  focussing cathode. typical construction features used to create the model include lofting, chamfering and blending operations.  The geometric properties of the coils were created  with the aid of  two curves, one for the coil cross-section, the other for the coil sweep path.

My Philosophy On Education :: Educational Teaching Teachers Essays

My Philosophy On Education Deciding on a career may be a hard decision for some people, but for me, it was easy. I have always known that I was going to be a teacher. There have been a variety of methods for teaching and learning introduced to me and I have developed my philosophy on education from them. Even though there have been many procedures presented to me related to education, only a few have facilitated me in choosing the way I plan to teach. My family is very education-oriented and education has always been an important asset in my life as well. So, I have always strove to learn and work hard for good grades during my school years. Many of my family members have graduated in the top portion of their classes. Most of them later worked for the board of education or went on to college to become a teacher. Since I have always been excited to learn and I loved school, as well as my teachers, I knew that being a teacher would be the best career for me. There are many things I would like to accomplish while I am a teacher. As a teacher, first of all, I hope to be as inspiring and encouraging like many of the teachers I had. Second, I want to make learning fun, but thought provoking. The third thing is that I would like to assist the students in comprehending what they are learning, not just to memorize the material. And, last, I want the students to want to come to school and have the longing to deepen their knowledge. For my students, I expect them to develop an understanding of knowledge. I believe in the principle of progressivism where education should be an on going and productive process. Therefore, I want my students to grasp this concept and always be willing to learn. I support the behaviorist’s view that the environment shapes and influences people. This theory goes into consideration with Rousseau’s theory that children mature through stages, when developing an environment suitable for the grade level a person is teaching. The curriculum should be focused on the student’s needs and how they learn best. There are a variety of methods of teaching that I will use that I believe are important.

The Human Genome Project :: essays research papers

Marshall, Elizabeth L. The Human Genome Project: Cracking The Code Within Us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, New York: Franklin Watts, 1996. 1-128.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth L. Marshall was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She grew up in areas of southern California, and in parts of New York City. She lives in Columbus, Ohio, and is currently married and has two daughters. She attended and graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.A. in English. She then graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a Master of Fine Arts degree in fictional writing. She has worked form several scientific journals and magazines and is a member of the National Association of Science Writers. She has also written several well known books including Conquering Infertility: Medical Challenges and Moral Dilemmas, and High-Tech Harvest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose this book because it seemed like an interesting topic, and because I thought it might help me understand more things about DNA. Someone else who read it said that it had a lot to do with the things we covered in class too so I figured it would be as good a choice as any.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book is about the amazing task of mapping and showing all the sequences of the thousands and thousands of genes in the human body. The book is split up into nine chapters each of which covers a different aspect of this incredible project. The book tells all about almost every aspect of the project. It tells all about the project and what the point is, what has been accomplished so far, and when they expect it to be finished. According to the introduction the project is actually expected to be finished sometime this year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first chapter starts off with the basic structure of DNA and describes how the base pairing of each nucleotide creates each amino acid, which when all put together create a strand of DNA. It also gives an idea of who is working on the project. She lists several major cities where the project is being worked on and then goes on to explain how between all these different teams, who are all working on some different aspect of the project, there are also anywhere from 200 to 400 other smaller teams all around the country working on it. The next chapter is about chromosome 18, and how a slight mistake in it can cause things like mental retardation and deafness, and what they are trying to do to help stop or fix chromosome 18 deletion syndrome.

Capital Punishment is an Effective Deterrent :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment is an Effective Deterrent Throughout history, statistics have proven that Capital Punishment has been an effective deterrent of major crime. Capital Punishment is the lawful infliction of death among criminals and has been used to punish a wide variety of offenses for many years all over the world (Bedau 16). When the death penalty is enforced, it shows society that committing a capital crime has deadly consequences. In early times, many methods of Capital Punishment were used to deter a variety of crimes. For over a century, the uniform method for executing persons in America was hanging, although starvation was very common also. There were exceptions which included spies, traitors, and deserters who would face a firing squad. Then in 1888, New York directed the construction of an "electric chair" (Flanders 11). It was believed that the new harnessed power of electricity would prove to be a more scientific and humane means of execution. The first electrocution took place in New York in 1890. In the past, capital crimes were much different than they are now. Robbery and the selling of alcohol to underage customers was a serious capital crime (McCuen and Baumgart 21). Rape was also a crime where the criminal was sentenced to death. In America, only thirty-seven states authorize the death penalty. In most of those thirty-seven states, murder is the only capital crime. The Supreme Court requires that two conditions must be met in order for a specific murder to warrant the death penalty (Nardo 32). The first condition is that it must be first degree murder, which is the deliberate and premeditated taking of life. The second is that one or more aggravating circumstances must be present. Aggravating Circumstances refer to those aspects of a crime that increase its severity. An example of an aggravating circumstance would be torture in conjunction with a murder. ("Capital Punishment" 32). Every society has faced the problem of what to do with its most troublesome criminals. Many people in the past have argued whether or not Capital Punishment is justified and necessary. Most societies now believe that a criminal should receive punishment proportional to the crime committed. Most societies believe that such a severe punishment was necessary to install fear in others. While more social structures developed, the crimes developed into public and private offenses. Public offenses such as witchcraft and blasphemy, were punished by the state; while private offenses still were answered by acts of personal retribution. The enforcement of Capital Punishment in the early twentieth century declined drastically because of all of the controversy.

Internal Control Essay

4. Organisation background Inkwell Limited is a manufacturer of re-cycle inkjet and laser toner printer cartridges. Inkwell Limited printer cartridge is widely applicable. The main commercial focus is on strong retail market that demand cheaper and greener products Inkwell Ltd has a couple of small main suppliers that produce 4.1 Inkwell Limited is a limited company, established in 2003. The head office and Warehouse is based in Birmingham West Midland. 4.2 Their business model is to offer a part exchange facility whereby customer either post used cartridge to the company’s on the line shop or physically take them onto one of over 60 shops in the company’s chain that are situated in all major UK cities, and many large towns. If customers do bring their old cartridge in they are then given a 10% discount against the cost of a replacement cartridge. 4.3 Its mains mission is to save customers money by not compromising quality and at the same time help ensure a greener environmental future by better use of inkjet and toner cartridge. 4.3 Inkwell is a company, mainly owned by shareholders. The managing director own the most numbers of share, while both the sale director and the finance director own equal shares. 4.4 The three directors and the company accountant are the main decision makers in the company with the help of managers and supervisors. 4.5 The shop managers are responsible for their own staff by preparing rotas and ensuring adequate staff coverage for all of the opening hours of their shop. 4.6 Finance, Marketing and Sales are the main departments In Appendix a there are a organisation Chart. 5. Structure and Function of the accounting System at Inkwell See Appendix a for Organisation Chart 5.1 Inkwell is a ‘tall’ structure company. They are different levels of people, each level is control by the level above. This very common of such a big organisation where each level is centralised. 5.2 The accounting function is a small section of Inkwell Limited. It consist of Anil Gupta as the Finance Director who his fully responsible for all finance, legal and accounting procedures and systems. This in tail producing the company annual report, dealing with all banking and finance issues. Michael O’Panye the Company Accountant, who’s duties are producing the monthly management report, approving all payments to suppliers. However his main role is to manage the work of the accounting technicians and clerks. 5.3 Alex Fox, account technician compiling this report, have worked for Inkwell for the past 6 months reviewing the company’s systems and procedures pin pointing any recommend charges where needed. The main duties that’s covered within the account department by others consist of sales and purchase ledger entries, preparing supplier’s payment, payment allocation, cash book entry, petty cash summary, cost analyst, bank reconciliation, payroll run and personal data up keep. 6. Weakness and finding of the current system 6.1 A SWOT analysis has been carried out on the current accounting function in Inkwell showing the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat (Appendix – ) From the SWOT analysis it can be seen that there are the following key weaknesses in the payroll process. 6.2 System Integration – Whiles the payroll is integrated with the personnel data system, allowing them to talk to one another, information could be sent from one application to the other, it is not been used to its full potential due to time consuming caused by lack of experience and knowledge 6.3 Hourly paid – The weekly hourly paid staff pay is calculated manually from a weekly rota prepared by the shop manager’s. This situation is not ideal its open to mistakes and potential to fraud. By simply installing online time clock terminals lets managers control where employees clock in/out from by setting up specific time clock locations and shift planning’s web-based time clock software gets rid of the need for expensive stand-alone equipment while streamlining the process of time sheet management allowing the payroll clerk to take work data direct to payroll. 6.4 Time Management – The payroll clerk is responsible for managing a weekly payroll Including calculating overtime worked and sales commission for over 60 shops, two separate monthly payrolls (the total employee is around 180) issues all statutory forms required by HMRC, and the annual tax returns, updating and maintaining the personnel database. Managing a vast work load is very difficult and any possible ways of improving the processes to make them more efficient should be taken advantage of. By installing an online time clock terminal can allow mangers to plan shifts automatically. It reduce the time spent calculating individual time sheets and allow the payroll clerk the information direct to payroll. 6.5 Knowledge – The payroll clerk is responsible for the both the payroll and the personnel database which is integrated. As the payroll clerk only had one-day in house intensive training course on the system therefore the payroll found it difficult to get to grips with both the payroll and the personnel data system after just one day’s of training. By the company supplying training, the payroll clerk can perform more efficient and feel more confident. 6.6 Commission – All sales staff and shop managers earn a commission of 2% each on the first  £4000.00 of sales per month, and 5% on any sales over that figure, this is based on for each shop rather than the individual. Inkwell Ltd have over 60 shops, with 3 or 4 employee per shop with annual turnover of 16 million pound would suggest the average amount per shop per week is  £5,128.00. Every shop staff including managers would be paid commission each month 6.7 These four factors outline the main problems affecting the accounting function payroll. The commission to all shop staff is one of most obvious cost effective that could be saved each month, due to weekly intake’s from each shop over  £5,000.00. Not only would Inkwell save a great deal of money which in turn could be sent on other things such as improving the performance of the accounting system. 6.8 Cutting the commission to just individual per shop would mean also the Less time spent preparing the figures for bonuses, more hours gain to do other Things