Breast Cancer A Complex And Heterogeneous Disease Caused...

Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. These factors include, mutations in breast cancer-associated genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) [1]; loss or aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) [2]; human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpression [3] ; lack of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression[4] ; high levels of receptor for the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R[5]; and expression of microRNA (miRNA) [6]. In addition to genetic alterations (gene amplifications, deletions, point mutations, and chromosome rearrangements), epigenetic changes (methylation and/or acetylation) of the genome play an important role in breast carcinogenesis. For example, methylation of RASSF1A, BRCA1, and estrogen receptor ÃŽ ± (ERÃŽ ±) is associated with breast tumorigenesis and metastasis [7]. The inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins that lead to tumor cell growth and survival are another mechanism of breast cancer development [8]. These genes are inactivated by a variety of mechanisms, including chromosomal deletions, intragenic mutations, proteolysis, and loss of epigenetic modifications [9]. The best-characterized tumor suppressor protein is p53. In breast cancer, p53 mutation or downregulation is associated with an adverse prognosis [10]. Other tumor suppressor proteins in breast cancer include PTEN [11], p16[12], the retinoblastoma gene[13], andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Breast Cancer836 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is one of the most widespread cancers among women worldwide. In the US, it is the most common, and the leading cause of cancer related deaths among women between 45 – 64 years of age (Clegg et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2008). Early detection and improved treatment procedures have resulted in gradual decline in the number of deaths caused by the disease since 1990. Nevertheless, in 2009, the estimated de ath toll for the disease was 40,170 (American Cancer Society, 2009). The gravityRead MoreThe Biology Of A Cell Mass1676 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Genetic instability and the accumulation of several molecular alterations are the cause of cancers through the development of a proliferative cell mass. However, it is restricted to the current prognostic and diagnostic classifications since there is no reflection of the entire tumor clinical heterogeneity. Therefore, they are not sufficient in making predictions for the adequate treatment of patients. The chances of survival for the patients suffering from cancer normally depends on theRead MoreNeoplasia10526 Words   |  43 PagesIbom State, Nigeria. Neoplasia means the process of new growth whilst Neoplasm means a new growth. Sometimes, the parenchyma cells stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma, referred to as desmoplasia. Some tumours e.g. some cancers of breast are stony hard or scirrhous. Sarcomas have little connective tissue stroma and so are fleshy. Pseudo tumours: i) An ectopic rest of normal tissue is sometimes called a choristoma e.g a rest of adrenal cells under the kidney capsule or a pancreaticRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagesprokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on population growth 186-187 Drug and drug abuse 188-191 Man’s impact on the environment 192-199 Reproduction in man 200-201 References 202 Introduction Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagespressure, leading researchers to conclude that the use of therapeutic dogs is beneï ¬ cial in the treatment of heart patients. (San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 16, 2005) Late in 2005, those eligible for Medicare had to decide which, if any, of the many complex new prescription medication plans was right for them. To assist with this decision, a program called PlanFinder that compares available options was made available online. But are seniors online? Based on a survey conducted by the Los Angeles Times

1984 Doublethink Analysis - 1497 Words

1984 Connection: In 1984, George Orwell illustrates a dystopian society in which he emphasizes the influential contribution of language to the psychological manipulation the Party imposes. Specifically, through the concept of Doublethink, Orwell highlights the ironic names of the Partys ministries as means to euphemize what they actually are. From the very beginning of the novel, it is revealed how the Party characterizes the faà §ade that The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order. And the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs (Orwell 4). However,†¦show more content†¦Similar to doublethink, the YOUnited States founders established this system in order to strip away the freedom of the citizens to feel that they belong. Ultimately, despite the slogan of the YOUnited States to help its citizens discove r their true identity, the land displacement and labels evoke the sense of disorientation and indifference to an individuals character identity. How to Read Literature Like a Professor Connection: Chapter 19: Geography Matters... In his book, Foster is persistent in emphasizing that it is a readers task to always acknowledge the geographical setting as a significant feature in literary analysis. Keeping in mind that writers make a conscious decision to select a particular place or context, it is important for the reader to consider the implications made. Furthermore, Foster stresses that in literature, geography possesses the power to create particular environments that shape character and influence the plotline. Consequently, in the dystopian society YOUnited States, the geographical features and positioning play an influential role with the governments control for power. In contrast to the typical literary quest of searching for a home, YOUnited States citizens are prohibited from venturing Lands as they desire. Citizens are only granted to stay within the borders of the Land corresponding to their dictated identity. Notably, Foster alsoShow MoreRelated1984 Doublethink Analysis1237 Words   |  5 PagesTh e Role of Doublethink in The Government of 1984 â€Å" War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength,†. The following quote originates from the infamous novel, 1984 by George Orwell. The significance of this popular quote was to display an example of the action of doublethink. Doublethink is the act of having two contradictory thoughts at the same time and believing both are true. Doublethink plays an influential role in the novel, 1984. The novel takes place in a super-state by the nameRead MoreComparison Of 1984 And Watership Down927 Words   |  4 PagesAt a glance, the two books I read over this summer, 1984 by George Orwell, and Watership Down by Richard Adams, are very different. After looking at similar themes and motifs, I found more similarities than I first thought I would. The authors present power dynamics and hierarchies in different ways, and they use that to show different points. There are more differences than similarities in these books, but the similarities may be surprising. How does Big Brother control everybody? They controlRead More1984 Doublethink Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength,† (Orwell 26). In George Orwell’s book, 1984, the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in mind and being forced to accept them, is â€Å"doublethink†. The government of Oceania, also called the Party, uses psychological operant conditioning to brainwash their citizens to keep control over them. The truth can only be proven by consensus of majority meaning if millions believe it , they too should believe it. The act of thinking freely is consideredRead MoreCensorship, By George Orwell881 Words   |  4 Pages Censorship In George Orwell’s novel, 1984, the theme, censorship, greatly influences the storyline. Within the society, Oceania, the government censors everything from the newspapers to an individual s thoughts. Although, Oceania does not have any specific laws the citizens know that challenging the party, even with facial expressions, could result in punishment or possibly death. The prime reasoning behind censorship is control. In order to gain the ultimate control the Inner Party utilizesRead More1984 Discussion1069 Words   |  5 Pages1984 Discussion Questions 1. The world within which Winston lives is replete with contradictions. For example a, major tenet of the Partys philosophy is that War is Peace. Similarly, the Ministry of Love serves as, what we would consider, a department of war. What role do these contradictions serve on a grand scale? Discuss other contradictions inherent in the Partys philosophy. What role does contradiction serve within the framework of Doublethink? How does Doublethink satisfy the needs of TheRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 Pages1984 In George Orwells 1984, Winston Smith wrestles with oppression in Oceania, a place where the Party scrutinizes human actions with ever-watchful Big Brother. Defying a ban on individuality, Winston dares to express his thoughts in a diary and pursues a relationship with Julia. These criminal deeds bring Winston into the eye of the opposition, who then must reform the nonconformist. George Orwells 1984 introduced the watchwords for life without freedom: BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. WrittenRead More1984 Propaganda1571 Words   |  7 Pages1984: Propaganda and Persuasion A) The 5 examples of different techniques of propaganda and persuasion from 1984 are: * Glittering Generality- emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. * Ad Hominem- Attacking ones opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments * Milieu Control- An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure. * Bandwagon- Appeals attempt to persuadeRead MoreWar Is Peace And The Purpose Of The Ministry Of Love Essay2619 Words   |  11 PagesIn 1984, the world in which Winston lives is filled with contradictions, due to the party’s embrace of the doublethink philosophy, thus the contradictions in Oceania are omnipresent like the party is. Some examples of these contradictions take the form of the slogan that War is Peace and the purpose of the Ministry of Love. Doublethink is essentially â€Å"an unending series of victories over your own memory,† a form of â€Å"‘reality control’† that allows the party to manipulate the outer party members. TheRead MoreThe Dystopia By George Orwell2154 Words   |  9 PagesThe dystopia depicted in 1984 is a direct result of author George Orwell’s exposure to the oppressive regimes of his day. At the time of Orwell’s composition of the novel, authoritarian governments of the 1940s posed a real and danger ous threat to the free citizens of Europe. Much of what he saw in the Nazi and communist regimes inspired the Party, the government of Oceania, in his text 1984. The text argues that the effectiveness of an authoritarian regime depends on its ability to dehumanize itsRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pageshad been aware of Winston s crimes all along; in fact, O Brien was assigned to watch Winston for the past seven years. O Brien spends the next few months torturing Winston in order to change his way of thinking - to employ the concept of doublethink, the ability to simultaneously hold two opposing ideas in one s mind and believe in both: the concept is critical to life in Oceanic society. Winston believes that the human mind must be free, and to remain free, it must be allowed to hold objective

Truth in Contemporary Photography free essay sample

Truth in Contemporary Photography Assessment Item: Major Essay Susan Sontag defined the photograph as a ‘trace’ directly stencilled off reality, like a footprint or a death mask. Every photograph is in some sense a document of something else, therefore giving it truthful merit. Photography is seen as a record, a piece of evidence that something happened at some point somewhere, in that time or place in front of the camera, holding its moments in stillness. 1] The photograph seeks to achieve information, truth, acceptance, evidence and existence, which then provides society with a history and individuals with memories and a proof of existence. Putting aside the notion of a photograph never lies, photography has an amazing power to provoke realism from a subject and although in a photograph we may see and know that an image has been constructed, the use of stereotypes, generalisations and the idealisms of a society may be the most influential element of an image, therefore granting it gratification as a reality. There are many different types of photographers throughout the world. In their work most photographers have different goals or have a different purpose or seek achievement depending on their points of view and beliefs on the overall outlook on photography. In this essay I will answer the question is there any need for ‘truth’ in contemporary photography? By looking at three very different photographers. The first Zoriah, an American born documentary photographer. The second Australian photographic Artist, Bill Henson. And finally Persian born fashion and celebrity portrait photographer Mario Testino. When looking at documentary photography as a genre, it is clear that the documentary photograph does more than simply display information. It allows the viewer to be instructed to some aspects in which truth is revealed, thus allowing a document (the photograph) to be evidence or proof. Documentary photography tells us something about the world, allowing us to think about people and their environment and how they live. According to Arthur Rothstein, the word document is derived from the Latin docere meaning to teach. Rothstein also believed that: â€Å"Photography can provide the most precious documents existing†. [2] Rothstein makes a valid point that documentary photography allows us to observe other cultures and environments around the world. It informs us as well as gives us an insight. When looking at a documentary photograph we rarely question it’s truthfulness because of the subject matter and the traditions of the genre. I also agree with Rothstein in his comment photography can provide the most precious documents existing, as the photograph can be used as proof, showing a person’s innocence or conviction. Also a photograph can be seen as documenting history to show future generations, helping them understand events that play a significant role in previous generations, or simply as proof of human existence. Zoriah is an award winning documentary photographer. His work has been seen in some of the world Humanitarian Aid to Developing Countries, he has worked for international aid organisations such as the Red Cross before returning to photography after a long absence. With his background in disaster management and humanitarian aid, Zoriah specialises in documenting humanitarian crises in third world countries. He has covered disasters, critical social issues and conflict in over forty countries around the world. Although photos can act as explicate evidence I believe that at this time we should never trust the photograph as pure evidence. The photograph records or documents objectively; there are ideas that suggest that all documentation is regarded as the truth and evidence. J. Snyder and N. W. Allen explained that we expect to find a certain â€Å"documentary† value in photographs and we ask certain â€Å"documentary questions†: â€Å"Is it authentic? â€Å"Is it correct† and â€Å"Is it true†[3] When we observe this point by Snyder and Allen about questioning documents and their authenticity we see the argument that can be put forward. How do we know photos have not been manipulated in some way? Are they a true document and representation of the event? R. Martin and J. Spence state, â€Å"Whilst we know, intellectually, that photographs aren’t Ã¢â‚¬Ë œreal’, do not ‘tell the truth’, but are specific choices, constructions, frozen moments, edited out of time, we still invest meaning in them. [4] Similar to the point Snyder and Allen put forward, we often come across photographs that could be categorised as documentary images, and subsequently we question whether they are real, due to their unrealistic content. Being an unfamiliar subject that didn’t seem possible in the first place, we do put some faith in the image and its authenticity due to the proof of the image. Within Zoriah’s documentary work we only see the world through the lens of his camera. If another photographer were at the same location at the same time we would see a completely different set of images. In this sense the work of any photographer is similar. Photographers such as Bill Henson, although his location maybe a studio is very different to a war-zone, he still has to compose an image – selecting what he wants us the viewer to see and more so what he wants to leave out. Therefore in this respect all photography cannot give a truthful representation of what is real, it is simply a perspective of what is real. While photography depends on reality, it also loves to take a holiday from it. Viewed less as documents corresponding with reality, photographs can be seen as artificial forms of construction. For this reason the practice is less about picture-taking than picture-making. [5] Bill Henson is one of Australia’s leading contemporary Photographic artists. His work comprises of painterly and cinematic styled photographs. These photographs embody a pervasive sense of stillness, which it is suggested, is suspended somewhere between recognition and memory. For Henson’s photography to work successfully it must contain some element of truth so that it speaks to the viewer. These elements may merely be a road, or lights in the distance, but they give his images a location and setting and therefore grant it a form of reality. In his work he is often influenced by external day-to-day experiences. This in turn makes his photographs a representation of his own personal past and history. Henson states; The work might begin with a fleeting impression from first-hand experience or in a piece of music I am always drawn back to, or perhaps in a paragraph of writing I cannot forget – and then it takes its own course. I become like a participant in some larger process I happen to be fascinated by. 6] Within his photography Henson sets up tensions by colliding opposites: beauty and squalor, the ordinary reality that a camera captures and something uncanny or otherworldly. Fashion is an evolution, a reinvention, a constant cycle of ideas, influences, trends, social and cultural demands. Fashion â€Å"matures and dies with the era and is once again reborn in partnership with the new rhythm of the succeeding era†[7] Some photography is used for public exposure of personalities and for advertising, often found everywhere that we look, whether it be in magazines. The exact purpose of tabloids and exposure is evident when we look at the photographer Mario Testino. Testino stated that: â€Å"I belong to a time which many women and even men are obsessed with looking like models. In my work portraiture has a wider function beyond simply making someone look beautiful. It is a matter of identity. The identity of a fashion company has become like the identity of a living person in the modern world, or at least real as a person in a novel or film. These images can seem as familiar as some one you know. These people also need to be inverted. [8] This statement by Testino explains how he goes about photographing his subjects. He captures parts of the subject’s personality and through tabloids and exposure through such avenues as journalism, it allows him to become a major photographer/icon therefore creating a celebrity status for himself. Although many images displayed in magazines are behind the scenes, of famous celebrities and their everyda y lives, we discover that it is not only the photographs of these exclusive people that draws the readers attention into the magazine and image in the first place. It is also the words that are associated with the image and the interaction that they make. By photographers capturing images of celebrities behind the scenes, it established the photograph as privileged and worthy of something. [9] Roland Barthes suggests: â€Å"Since the photo is pure contingency and can be nothing else (it is always something that is represented) contrary to the text which, by the sudden action of a single word, can shift sentence from description to reflection. †[10] All three photographers need to provide some element of truth, as no image can work effectively without the viewer having prior knowledge or recollection of a similar content. Through mechanical advancements associated with contemporary photography, the question has risen whether we can rely on photographs as a key piece of evidence or proof. We can be confident in saying that photographs allow us to have proof of memories and existence. We can identify through different artists such as Zoriah, Bill Henson and Mario Testino that each photographer needs to depict a certain amount of truth depending on the genre and their point of view. Whether it be seeking realism, fictional realities or aesthetic exposure for publicity, and promotional purposes, within the work of these three photographers there needs to be elements of truth. At the same time that contemporary photography needs to contain some element of truth in order to speak to the viewer. I don’t believe that within all photography the content itself needs to be a truthful representation of an event. I believe that if contemporary photography is to ‘work’ successfully it needs to comprise of truths, but depending on the genre of photography there is a greater or lesser need for truth, within representing reality. For example; A documentary photographer should comprise his images with more truths than a fashion photographer, or a fictional reality photographer, as documentary photography is a genre which relies on truths and reality. It is seen as evidence or proof. Whereas fashion photography though used as a historical reference for the fashion trends and of a particular era, it is a creative, commercial genre, which can rely on less truths, as the general public does not see fashion photography as reality. It holds the main purpose of selling a garment of clothing. It then can also sell a brand, and in some cases sell a ‘lifestyle’. In fictional reality photography there is very little need for truth as long as the viewer has some connection to the content, through their personal experiences, then there is little need for reality or truth to be portrayed in these images. Photography needs some truth in order to work successfully, but it does not need to represent reality, and it cannot represent reality fully. I conclude with a quote from Sarah Kember, who sates; â€Å"How can we panic about the loss of the real when we know (tacitly or otherwise) that the real is always already lost in the act of representation? Any representation, even a photographic one only constructs an image-idea of the real; it dos not capture it, even though it might seem to do so. A photograph of the pyramids is an image-idea of the pyramids, it is not the pyramids. †[11] Bibliography Alexander, G. Tableaux-menento mori-screen culture. In Photography; Art Gallery of NSW Collection 2007 Barthes, R. Camera Lucinda: Reflections on Photography, trans. Richard Howard. London: Fontana, 1980 Bright, Susan. Art Photography Now. London: Thames Hudson Ltd, 2005 Cotton, Charlotte. The Photograph As Contemporary Art.

Macbeth Imagery Essays (1225 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth Imagery In all of Shakespeare's plays he uses many forms of imagery. Imagery, the art of making images, the products of imagination. In the play 'Macbeth' Shakespeare applies the imagery of clothing, darkness and blood. (listed from least to most), Each detail is his imagery, it seems to contain an important symbol of the play. Symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. Within the play 'Macbeth' the imagery of clothing portrays that Macbeth is seeking to hide his "disgraceful self" from his eyes and others. Shakespeare wants to keep alive the ironical contrast between the wretched creature that Macbeth really is and the disguises he assumes to conceal the fact. In opinion, the reader thinks of the play honors as garments to be worn; likewise, Macbeth is constantly represented symbolically as the wearer of robes not belonging to him. He is wearing an undeserved dignity, which is a crucial point that Shakespeare has made. The description of the purpose of clothing in Macbeth is the fact that these garments are not his. Therefore, Macbeth is uncomfortable in them because he is continually conscious of the fact that they do not belong to him. In the following passage, the idea constantly recurs that Macbeth's new honors sit ill upon him, like loose and badly fitting garments, belonging to someone else: "New honours come upon him, Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould, But with the aid of use." (Act I, iii: 144) The second form used to add to the atmosphere, the imagery of darkness. In a Shakespearean tragedy, we have known him to create a special tone, or atmosphere to show the darkness in a tragedy. In 'Macbeth', Shakespeare draws upon the design of the witches, the guilt in Macbeth's soul, and the darkness of the night to establish the atmosphere. All of the remarkable scenes take place at night or in some dark spot; for instance, the vision of the dagger, the murder of Duncan, the Murder of Banquo, and Lady Macbeth's sleep walking. Darkness is the time when the traveler hastens to reach safety in his inn, when Banquo rides homeward to meet his assassins; furthermore, it is the time when the wolf howls, the owl screams, and when murder steals forth to his work. In 'Macbeth' darkness symbolizes many things. First, and most important, it stands for the evil and death in the play. The darkness could partially blind out all of the horrible things that occur in the night. For, only in darkness can such evil deeds be done. Secondly, the darkness shows one of Lady Macbeth's weaknesses: her fear of dark. In the play, phrases of fear escape from lips even in her sleep. She believes darkness to be the place of torment. Within the whole drama, the sun seems to shine only twice. First, in the beautiful but ironical passage when Duncan sees the swallows flirting round the castle of death. Another time, when at the close of the avenging army gathers to rid the earth of its shame. Therefore, the reader can conclude that Shakespeare portrays darkness to establish the evil parts of the play; whereas, we employ daylight to define victory or goodness in the play. We have known blood to all of us to represent life, death and often injury. Blood is an essential part of life and without blood, we could not live. This is known to everyone, and because of this, when Shakespeare uses the imagery of blood to represent treason, guilt, murder and death. We have easily understood it and fits in perfectly with the ideas we have of blood. Therefore, this essay weighs blood to the most important imagery of Shakespeare's play 'Macbeth'. Shakespeare mentions the word blood, or different forms of it often in the play. Forty-two times to be exact (ironically, the word fear also is used the same amount), with several other passages dealing with imagery. Perhaps the best way to describe how the image of blood changes throughout the play, by following the character changes in Macbeth. First, he is a brave honored soldier, but as the play progresses, he becomes identified withe death and bloodshed, along with showing his guilt in different forms. The first sinister reference to blood is one of honor, showed in Act I scene ii. This occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says "What bloody man is that?". This is symbolic of the brave fighter who has been

Are All Men Created Equal Essays

Are All Men Created Equal Essays Are All Men Created Equal Essay Are All Men Created Equal Essay Vanity Finley HST 230 Writing Assignment 2 The United States constitution proclaimed that all men are created equal. However, it would be more accurate to say that all white men are created equal. The goals of liberty, freedom, self-government and democratic rule seem to only affect the white man. African Americans can be used as one example of a minority group that demonstrates these goals were not meant for everyone; just for the white majority. Whites treated all minority groups with a great deal of inequality, especially the African Americans. This group of people was by no means treated as equal to white men. The goals of liberty, freedom, and self government were never part of their lives. They had no freedom because they were property. They had a master/owner and they were expected to do exactly as they were told. Freedom and liberty refer to the idea of not being controlled by an external force. It is not possible to be free if someone owns you and makes you do as they say. The textbook makes a good argument about the inequality of African Americans through the three-fifths compromise. According to this clause, African Americans count as three-fifths of a vote. Slave owners could turn in three-fifths of their total slave population for representation and apportionment of taxes. This clearly demonstrates how superior whites thought themselves to be. Slaves were only a little over half the worth of a white manâ„ ¢s vote. As if only counting as three-fifths of a person wasnâ„ ¢t bad enough, this clause was only made to satisfy white slave owners. If it had not been beneficial to slave owners, then the clause would never had came into being. The ideas of self-government and democratic rule were fitting to whites but not blacks. These two ideas are based on the belief that the people of a society should make the rules and govern the society. If society were strictly white, then these two ideas were real and alive. The upper class white men did make the rules and they were the people governing the country. However, African Americans had no say so in laws or policy, and they never held office. It they have no say so or no representation then how can it be assumed that they were self-governing One of the more obvious ways in which minorities were not treated equal can be found in Article 4, Section 2 of the Constitution. This article demonstrates how all minorities, not just African Americans, were treated as lesser people. This section confined citizenship to white property holding males. As for immigrants, only free white persons could become citizens. The white men who wrote the constitution believed n the ideas and goals of liberty, freedom, self-government, and democratic rule. However, these ideas only pertained to themselves. All minorities were excluded from these ideas and goals because it would interfere with the white men achieve the same goals. The white men stayed in government and on top of the social chain by treating minorities unjustly. White men enjoyed all of these ideas and goals, but minorities were never treated anywhere near equal during the period from 1776-1850.

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar Shortly after Steve Jobss death in the fall of 2011, his sister, Mona Simpson, revealed that Jobss final words were monosyllables, repeated three times: OH WOW. OH WOW. OH WOW. As it happens, interjections (such as oh and wow) are among the first words we learn as children- usually by the age of a year and a half. Eventually, we pick up several hundred of these brief, often exclamatory utterances. As the 18th-century philologist, Rowland Jones observed, It appears that interjections make up a considerable part of our language. Nevertheless, interjections are commonly regarded as the outlaws of English grammar. The term itself, derived from Latin, means something thrown in between. Why Interjections Are Overlooked Interjections usually stand apart from normal sentences, defiantly maintaining their syntactic independence. (Yeah!) They arent marked inflectionally for grammatical categories such as tense or number. (No sirree!) And because they show up more frequently in spoken English than in writing, most scholars have chosen to ignore them. (Aw.) Linguist Ute Dons has summarized the uncertain status of interjections: In modern grammars, the interjection is located at the periphery of the grammatical system and represents a phenomenon of minor importance within the word class system (Quirk et al. 1985: 67). It is unclear whether the interjection is to be considered an open or closed word class. Its status is also special in that it does not form a unit with other word classes and that interjections are only loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. Furthermore, interjections stand apart as they often contain sounds which are not part of the phoneme inventory of a language (e.g. ugh, Quirk et al. 1985: 74).(Descriptive Adequacy of Early Modern English Grammars. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) But with the advent of corpus linguistics and conversation analysis, interjections have recently begun to attract serious attention. The Study of Interjections Early grammarians tended to regard interjections as mere sounds rather than words- as outbursts of passion rather than meaningful expressions. In the 16th century, William Lily defined the interjection as a parte of speche, whyche betokeneth a sodayne passion of the mynde, under an unperfect voice. Two centuries later, John Horne Took argued that the brutish, inarticulate interjection . . . has nothing to do with speech, and is only the miserable refuge of the speechless. More recently, interjections have been variously identified as adverbs (the catch-all category), pragmatic particles, discourse markers, and single-word clauses. Others have characterized interjections as pragmatic noises, response cries, reaction signals, expressives, inserts, and evincives. At times interjections call attention to a speakers thoughts, often as sentence openers (or initiators): Oh, you must be kidding. But they also function as back-channel signals- feedback offered by listeners to show theyre paying attention. (At this point, class, feel free to say Gosh! or at least Uh-huh.) Its now customary to divide interjections into two broad classes, primary and secondary: Primary interjections are single words (such as ah, ouch, and yowza) that are used only as interjections and that dont enter into syntactic constructions. According to linguist Martina Drescher, primary interjections generally serve to lubricate conversations in a ritualized manner.*Secondary interjections (such as well, hell, and rats) also belong to other word classes. These expressions are often exclamatory and tend to mix with oaths, swear words, greeting formulas, and the like. Drescher describes secondary interjections as derivative uses of other words or locutions which have lost their original conceptual meanings- a process known as semantic bleaching. As written English grows more and more colloquial, both classes have migrated from speech into print. One of the more intriguing characteristics of interjections is their multifunctionality: the same word may express praise or scorn, excitement or boredom, joy or despair. Unlike the comparatively straightforward denotations of other parts of speech, the meanings of interjections are largely determined by intonation, context, and what linguists call pragmatic function. Geez, we might say, you really had to be there. Ill leave the next-to-last word on interjections to the authors of the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999): If we are to describe spoken language adequately, we need to pay more attention to [interjections] than has traditionally been done. To which I say, Hell, yeah! * Quoted by Ad Foolen in The Expressive Function of Language: Towards a Cognitive Semantic Approach. The Language of Emotions: Conceptualization, Expression, and Theoretical Foundation, ed. by Susanne Niemeier and Renà © Dirven. John Benjamins, 1997.

Models and Frameworks for Adult Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Models and Frameworks for Adult Care - Essay Example Furthermore care plan is constructed adopting holistic approach for each problem. Moreover, it is also explained how various interventions work together for the achievement of final goals. Mr. A, who is 37 years old adult, was facing acute back pain because of his daily activities. He was a businessman who used to sit for several hours. This was the basic reason why Mr. A was facing acute low back pain. John Popp has defined low back pain in his book named A Guide to the Primary Care of Neurological Disorder as an acute problem affecting the population all around the world. This problem is considered the most common cause of disability in the individuals at the age of 40 years and plus. The reasons behind acute low back pain may differ from one individual to another. It may occur spontaneously or because of trauma event. In an online publication put forward by Baylor College of Medicine, acute low back problems are defined as the situation when activities and daily lifestyle routine limits due to lower back problem or the symptoms less than of 4 weeks. Mr. A was also facing difficulties in carrying out daily activities in a normal way. However, it is a fact that acute low back pain is diagnosable. About 90% of patients of acute low back problems recover within 1 month. Furthermore, Low back pain can be divided into different categories. For example, none radiating, radiating, loss of motor functions, spinal fractures and infections. Mr. A was losing motor functions and developed internal infections because of acute low back pain issue. Peter A. Rives, MD., Alan B. Douglass, MD. 2004 divided low back pain into acute and chronic conditions. Mr. A was passing through acute low back pain issue. The website of European Guidelines for the Management of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Primary Care defines acute low back pain as duration of pain less than 6 weeks. While low back pain is defined as a pain or discomfort below the costal portion, with or